Ukulungiswa kwe
Ngenxa yomsebenzi onamandla kakhulu we-Calcium Metal, yakhiqizwa ngokuyinhloko yi-electrolytic molten calcium chloride noma i-calcium hydroxide esikhathini esidlule. Eminyakeni yamuva, indlela yokunciphisa kancane kancane ibe yindlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza i-Calcium Metal.
Indlela yokunciphisa ukusebenzisa i-aluminium yensimbi ukunciphisa umcako ngaphansi kwe-vacuum kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, bese ulungisa ukuze uthole i-calcium.
Indlela yokunciphisa ngokuvamile isebenzisa i-limestone njengempahla eluhlaza, i-calcium oxide calcined kanye ne-aluminium powder njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa.
I-pulverized calcium oxide ne-aluminium powder kuxutshwe ngokufanayo engxenyeni ethile, icindezelwe kumabhulokhi, futhi kusabela ngaphansi kwevacuum engu-0.01 kanye nezinga lokushisa elingu-1050-1200 â. Ukukhiqiza umhwamuko we-calcium ne-calcium aluminate.
Indlela yokusabela ithi: 6CaO 2Alâ3Ca 3CaOâ¢Al2O3
Umhwamuko we-calcium oncishisiwe ucwebezela ku-750-400°C. I-crystalline calcium ibe isincibilika futhi iphonswe ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwe-argon ukuze kutholakale ingot ye-calcium eminyene.
Izinga lokutholwa kwe-calcium elikhiqizwa indlela yokunciphisa ngokuvamile libalelwa ku-60%.
Ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yayo yezobuchwepheshe nayo ilula, indlela yokunciphisa iyindlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza i-metallic calcium eminyakeni yamuva.
Ukusha ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile kungafinyelela kalula endaweni encibilikayo ye-metallic calcium, ngakho-ke kuzodala ukusha kwe-metallic calcium.
I-electrolysis yangaphambili yayiyindlela yokuxhumana, kamuva eyathuthukiswa ku-electrolysis ye-cathode ewuketshezi.
I-electrolysis yokuxhumana yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngu-W. Rathenau ngo-1904. I-electrolyte esetshenzisiwe iyingxube ye-CaCl2 ne-CaF2. I-anode yeseli ye-electrolytic ihlanganiswe nekhabhoni njengegraphite, kanti i-cathode yenziwe ngensimbi.
I-calcium ekhishwe ngogesi intanta phezu kwe-electrolyte futhi ijiya ku-cathode lapho ithinta i-cathode yensimbi. Njengoba i-electrolysis iqhubeka, i-cathode iphakama ngokufanele, futhi i-calcium yenza induku emise okwesanqante ku-cathode.
Ububi bokukhiqizwa kwe-calcium ngendlela yokuxhumana yilena: ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, ukunyibilika okuphezulu kweCalcium Metal ku-electrolyte, ukusebenza kahle kwamanje okuphansi, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ompofu (cishe u-1% we-chlorine okuqukethwe).
Indlela ye-cathode ewuketshezi isebenzisa ingxubevange ye-copper-calcium (equkethe u-10% -15% we-calcium) njenge-cathode ewuketshezi kanye ne-graphite electrode njenge-anode. I-calcium e-electrolytic desorbed ifakwa ku-cathode.
Igobolondo le-electrolytic cell lenziwe ngensimbi ekhonjiwe. I-electrolyte iyingxube ye-CaCl2 ne-KCI. Ithusi likhethwa njengokwakheka kwengxubevange ye-cathode ewuketshezi ngenxa yokuthi kunendawo encibilikayo ebanzi kakhulu endaweni ene-calcium ephezulu kumdwebo wesigaba se-copper-calcium, kanye nengxubevange ye-copper-calcium enokuqukethwe kwe-calcium okungama-60% -65. Amaphesenti angalungiswa ngaphansi kuka-700 °C.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokucindezela okuncane kwe-vapor yethusi, kulula ukuhlukanisa ngesikhathi se-distillation. Ukwengeza, ama-alloys e-copper-calcium aqukethe u-60% -65% we-calcium ane-density ephakeme (2.1-2.2g/cm³), engaqinisekisa i-delamination enhle nge-electrolyte. Okuqukethwe kwe-calcium ku-cathode alloy akufanele kudlule ama-62% -65%. Ukusebenza kahle kwamanje cishe kungama-70%. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-CaCl2 ngekhilogremu ngayinye ye-calcium ngamakhilogremu angu-3.4-3.5.
Ingxubevange ye-copper-calcium ekhiqizwa yi-electrolysis ifakwa ngaphansi kwe-distillation ngayinye ngaphansi kwezimo ze-0.01 Torr vacuum kanye nezinga lokushisa elingu-750-800 â ukuze kususwe ukungcola okuguquguqukayo njenge-potassium ne-sodium.
Khona-ke i-vacuum distillation yesibili yenziwa ngo-1050-1100 ° C, i-calcium ifinyezwa futhi ifakwe ngamakristalu engxenyeni engenhla yethangi le-distillation, kanti ithusi elisele (eliqukethe 10% -15% calcium) lishiywe phansi. ithangi futhi ibuyiselwe ku-electrolyzer ukuze isetshenziswe.
I-crystalline calcium ekhishiwe yi-industrial calcium enebanga lama-98% -99%. Uma inani eliphelele le-sodium ne-magnesium ku-CaCl2 eluhlaza lingaphansi kuka-0.15%, ingxubevange ye-copper-calcium ingancibilika kanye ukuze kutholwe i-metallic calcium enokuqukethwe okungu-â¥99%.
I-calcium ehlanzekile kakhulu ingatholwa ngokwelapha i-calcium yezimboni nge-vacuum distillation ephezulu. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa le-distillation lilawulwa libe ngu-780-820 ° C, futhi i-vacuum degree i-1 × 10-4. Ukwelashwa kwe-distillation akusebenzi kahle ekuhlanzeni ama-chloride ku-calcium.
I-Nitride ingezwa ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokuphuza ukuze kwakhiwe usawoti ophindwe kabili ngendlela yeCanCloNp. Lo sawoti ophindwe kabili unomfutho we-vapor ophansi futhi awuguquguquki kalula futhi uhlala kuzinsalela ze-distillation.
Ngokungeza izinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen nokuhlanza nge-vacuum distillation, isamba sezakhi zokungcola i-chlorine, i-manganese, ithusi, insimbi, i-silicon, i-aluminium ne-nickel ku-calcium ingancishiswa ibe ngu-1000-100ppm, kanye ne-high-purity calcium engu-99.9% -99.99% ingatholakala.
Ikhishwe noma igoqwe ibe yizinduku namapuleti, noma isikwe izingcezu ezincane futhi ihlanganiswe ezitsheni ezingangeni moya.
Ngokwalezi zindlela zokulungiselela ezintathu ezingenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi indlela yokunciphisa inenqubo elula yezobuchwepheshe, idla amandla amancane futhi idla isikhathi esincane, futhi ifaneleka kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni.
Ngakho-ke, indlela yokunciphisa iyindlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza i-Calcium Metal eminyakeni yamuva.
